What is heaven? And what is heaven like? These are common questions. With many different answers. But what does the Bible itself have to say about heaven?
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Defining the Words
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word šāmayim is the primary word translated as heaven. The NIV Word Study Dictionary defines this word as “region above the earth: the heavens: the place of the stars, sky, air; heaven: the invisible realm of God.” As you can see, it has a variety of usages.
In the New Testament, the Greek word ouranos is the primary word translated as heaven. This word is defined as “sky, air, firmament, any area above the earth; heaven(s), the place of sun, moon, and stars; heaven, in which God dwells.” Like šāmayim, this word is used in a variety of ways.
Both of these words refer to the physical realm that we live in. But they also refer to the supernatural realm of God. I suspect that is because there was not a clear distinction between the two in the Hebrew mind. The sky is ‘up there’. But God’s throne is also ‘up there’, beyond the stars (Job 22:12). In ancient Hebrew thought, the heavens consist of everything that is ‘up there’.
A Three-Level View of Heaven
There is no description of how the Hebrews viewed heaven in the Scripture. But from the way the term is used, it appears like they divided heaven into three regions. The air the birds flew in; the realm of the sun, moon, and stars; and God’s dwelling place.
In Matthew 5:26, Jesus told his disciples to “look at the birds of the air.” The word ‘air’ here is ouranos, or heaven. Here, as in a few other places, it is referring to the earth’s atmosphere. It is a physical place, a part of the natural world.
In Psalm 19:1-6, David’s psalm begins by expressing the glory of God revealed in the heavens. This passage is referring to the celestial bodies, especially the sun. These heavens were visible to humans but beyond the reach of the birds that flew through the sky.
Heaven as the Dwelling of God
For the ancients, the third level of heaven was the dwelling place of God, or the gods. This third level of heaven is beyond the sun, moon, and stars. While eventually, it came to be thought of as a spiritual place, it was still ‘up there’, higher than the other heavens.
In Psalm 11:4, Psalm 103:19, and Isaiah 66:1, we read that God’s throne is in heaven. In Isaiah 6:1, Isaiah has a vision of God sitting on his throne, high and exalted. And in 1 Kings 8:27-53, Solomon identifies heaven as God’s dwelling place. At the beginning of this passage, Solomon acknowledges that even the highest heaven cannot contain God.
In 2 Corinthians 12:1-10, Paul shares an experience of being caught up to the third heaven, the dwelling of God. He identifies this place as being synonymous with Paradise, the Paradise that Jesus promised to share with the repentant thief on the cross.
The Kingdom of Heaven
Jesus came proclaiming the coming of the kingdom. Matthew calls it the Kingdom of Heaven, while Mark and Luke use the term the Kingdom of God. It is a spiritual kingdom that Christ rules over. A kingdom that includes all the redeemed. While this kingdom has eschatological ramifications, it is a kingdom with present-day reality.
This kingdom that Jesus proclaimed reflected a dramatic shift in thought. The coming kingdom had been envisioned as a physical earthly kingdom centered on Jerusalem. But the kingdom Jesus proclaimed was a spiritual kingdom without an earthly center.
In the thirteenth chapter of Matthew, there are a series of parables. Most of these parables start with the expression, “the kingdom of heaven is like.” But for the most part, they are not what we might expect. Rather than describing a future abode of believers, they describe heaven as a present reality. A kingdom that is growing; one that is worth all we have; and impacted by unbelievers.
Heaven as the Final Home of Believers
Even though heaven is, in some sense, a present reality that we are experiencing, there is more to come. As believers, we look forward to life beyond this earth and in the fragile tents in which we currently dwell (2 Cor. 5:1-5). But what is that heaven like?
Unfortunately, the Scripture does not give us a lot of information about what awaits us. We know that we will experience it with transformed bodies (1 Cor. 15:35-57), not as disembodied spirits. That we will in some way be like Christ (1 John 3:2-3). And that in some way, we will be like the angels (Matt. 22:30). The pains of this life will be left behind (Rev. 21:4). We will be with the Lord forever (1 Thess. 4:17). And we will share in the glory of Christ (Rom. 8:17).
But what heaven itself is like is unknown. 1 Corinthians 2:9 does give us a clue, though, “What no eye has seen, what no ear has heard, and what no human mind has conceived – the things God has prepared for those who love him.” What God has prepared for us is beyond our ability to grasp now. It is indescribable to our human minds. So, while we may not know what heaven is like, we can look forward to it with expectation and joy.
Is the New Earth the Final Home for Believers?
Revelation 21:1-5 paints a picture of our future. In it, the heaven and earth we inhabit pass away. In their place are a new heaven and earth. And then the New Jerusalem, later described as the bride of Christ (Rev. 21:9), descends from heaven to earth. Finally, the announcement from the throne of God is that he will now dwell among us.
This chapter in Revelation is similar in many ways to the description of Eden, the initial home of humanity. It seems like our end is a return to our beginnings, to what we were created to be in the first place.
If this view of Revelation 21:1-5 is correct, then it would appear that our abode in heaven is temporary. And that our permanent home is on a newly recreated earth.
What Heaven is not
There are a couple of passages that are, at least in popular thought, considered to be descriptive of heaven. In John 14:2, the KJV tells us that in the Father’s house, there are many mansions. Most modern translations use rooms or dwelling places rather than mansions. But it is still common to hear older people talk about their mansion in heaven. I suspect there will be no mansions.
Another passage frequently used to describe heaven comes from the 21st and 22nd chapters of Revelation. These chapters describe an immense city with streets of gold and gates of pearls. But if you look at Revelation 21:9-10, you will find that this chapter describes the bride of Christ, the church, rather than heaven. It is a symbolic description of the glory of Christ’s bride, and God’s presence within.
The Pearly Gates would also seem to come out of this passage in Revelation. The New Jerusalem, the bride of Christ, is described as having gates of pearls with the names of the 12 tribes written on them. But, again, this is descriptive of the bride of Christ rather than heaven.
Conclusion
What does the Bible have to say about heaven? You will find it used for the sky; for the space beyond our atmosphere; and for God’s dwelling place. Jesus frequently talks about the Kingdom of Heaven as a present reality with a future final fulfillment. And heaven is frequently associated with the home of believers when we leave this life. A home in Christ, in the presence of God.
But that ‘home in heaven’ that we look forward to is not described in the pages of Scripture. It is beyond our ability to grasp. But whether our ultimate destiny is in heaven, or in a recreated heaven and earth, it will be glorious beyond the ability of words to describe.
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Disclaimer
The views expressed here are solely mine and do not necessarily reflect those of any other person, group, or organization. While I believe they reflect the teachings of the Bible, I am a fallible human and subject to misunderstanding. Please feel free to leave any comments or questions about this post in the comments section below. I am always interested in your feedback.
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This article first appeared on Christianity.com, on August 22, 2019.
Hi
Thanks for this.
Just wanted to ask…I’ve always struggled to understand where believers go when they die, presuming they die before Christ comes back. If, as you said in your blog, Scripture doesn’t say this, then where do they go?
If believers don’t go to heaven when they die, do they immediately enter the new heaven and new earth in another timeframe, considering eternity is outside of time? Admittedly, this is a very difficult concept to grasp, as it might mean that the final judgement would have taken place concurrently with it not taking place for those who have not died yet. Any thoughts?
Also, where do non believers go when they die? The common view is hell, but if the final judgement hasn’t taken place at the point they die, would that be right? or maybe, if believers enter eternity with the Lord when they die, maybe unbelievers enter eternity without Christ in hell immediately, without a waiting place. I guess a waiting place is not really needed in the grand scheme of things. I guess you don’t need to wait for something if the place you are in is timeless…?
I have written a longer article about the intermediate state for unbelievers. You can find it at https://aclayjar.net/2021/10/the-intermediate-state/
The traditional belief in hell as a place of eternal conscious torment is not one that I find supported very well in the Scripture. Unbelievers will indeed face God’s judgment and appropriate punishment. But that punishment eventually results in eternal destruction – Annihilation.
The contrast between time for us now, and eternity after we die, is one that I have given some thought to. But have reached no conclusions. It is something I will discover someday. But likely not until I am in eternity myself.
Heaven/s in every sense comprises of physical and spritual places. According to the book of Genesis, Elohim created the heavens(plural), not heaven. Genesis gives a clear and vivid picture. The abode of the father Jehovah is the highest of the heavens. The physical is the dwelling place of the moon, sun, stars and the rest. The apostle Paul’s vision of heaven is the dwelling place of God the father.
For the ancient Hebrew, and other ancient people, the heavens were just what was up there, as opposed to the land. When God creates the heavens and the earth, he creates what’s up there and what’s down here, or everything. They did not distinguish the spiritual and physical realms like we do today. To them it all just was.